• The Access to Insight website's Jhāna Page

• The Jhānas are defined by the Buddha as Right Concentration. His declaration of this - here in both Pali and English - can be found found in many discourses including DN 22, MN 141 and SN 45:8.

• Right Concentration: A Practical Guide to the Jhānas ~ Leigh Brasington, Shambhala, 13 October, 2015, ISBN: 1611802695
  A Practical, Accessible and Demystifying Look at the Jhānas as Described in the Suttas of the Pali Canon. This book is my "brain dump" of everything I knew about the jhānas when I wrote it in the mid twenty-teens. What's in the book supercedes much of what I've written below. The printed book and the eBook are available from Shambhala Publications and from your local bookstore/web bookstore. A free Suplement is also available as HTML pages and as an eBook.

• Entering the Jhanas is an excerpt from my book Right Concentration on the Lion's Roar website - the website of Buddhadharma: The Practitioner's Quarterly where the excerpt appears in print.

• Sharpening Manjushri's Sword The Jhānas in Theravadan Buddhist Meditation ~ Leigh Brasington
  This is revised edition of a paper I presented to the American Academy of Religion/Western Regional meeting on 25 Mar '97. It contains a bibliography and links to other sites that discuss the Jhānas.

• Instruction for Entering Jhāna ~ Leigh Brasington
  This is a reprint of an article that first appeared in Insight Journal, Fall 2002. It is a transcription of a talk I gave at the Barre Center for Buddhist Studies in April of 2002.

• The Neurological Correlates of the Jhānas ~ Leigh Brasington
  Inspired by Emily Yoffe's article at Slate Magazine on Wanting and Liking and discussions with several students & neuroscientists, I propose a tentative hypothesis.

• Jhānas at the Forest Refuge Part I ~ Leigh Brasington
  I spent the month of May 2006 on retreat at the Forest Refuge with Ven. Pa Auk Sayadaw. This details some extra curricular exploration of the jhanas while more deeply concentrated than described in the papers above.

• Jhānas at the Forest Refuge Part II ~ Leigh Brasington
  I spent 9 1/2 months in 2011/2012 on retreat at the Forest Refuge. Ven. Pa Auk Sayadaw was again teaching jhanas for 4 months of that time and I got to explore more of his teachings.

• Five Factors for the First Jhāna - NOT!. ~ Leigh Brasington
  As described in the suttas, the first jhana has only four factors, not five.

• Interpretations of the Jhānas. ~ Leigh Brasington
  There is no real agreement among Jhāna teachers as to what exactly the Jhanic state are! This paper outlines the various methods that I have heard about.

• How Many Jhānas Are There? ~ Leigh Brasington
  My personal research has turned up no less than 25 different states that are identified by the word Jhāna in ancient Pali literature - and even more uses of jhāna in modern times.

• Slides from a presentation on the Jhānas at the Secular Buddhism Conference at The Barre Center for Buddhist Studies, 26 March, 2013: Practical Jhānas: Right Concentration and the Suttas ~ Leigh Brasington.

• Arguments for the Importance of the Jhānas in the Suttas ~ Leigh Brasington
  A paper I wrote back in 1996 discussing the importance of the Jhānas in the Pali Cannon.

• 3 handouts on the jhana factors for a day-long course I taught at the Sati Center. ~ Leigh Brasington

• Stephanie Nash interviews Leigh Brasington about the Jhānas
  Several short YouTube videos on what jhanas are, and how one works with them in one's practice.

  ---

• The Jhānas in Theravadan Buddhist Meditation ~ Maháthera Henepola Gunaratana
  This classic book on the jhanas is now available on the 'net.

• The Buddha’s Radical Path Of Jhāna by Bodhipaksa is a good study of the role of jhāna in the Buddha's teachings. It also points out that the so-called arupa jhānas are not considered jhānas in the suttas. I added a comment at the end - scroll down.

• Ajahn Brahmavamso is a Theravaden Buddhist monk who lives in Western Australia. He studied extensively with Ajahn Chah in Thailand as well as in other places before returning to Australia. His definition of exactly what constituted a Jhāna seems to imply Much stronger absorption than my own definition - or that of other Westerners I have discussed the Jhānas with (such as Ayya Khema, Thanissaro Bhikkhu and others). He has given several talks on the Jhānas which have been transcribed and now appear on the 'net (but their URLs keep getting changed, so the links below search for them):

  • The Basic Method of Meditation
  • Travelogue to the four Jhanas
    Both of these come from talks given during a 9-day retreat in North Perth, Western Australia, December 1997
  • Other of his writings can be found at The Buddhist Society of Western Australia Publications

• Practical Advice for Meditators ~ Bhikkhu Khantipalo

• The Jhānas: Meditative Absorptions ~ Jay Michaelson
  Jhāna: The Spice Your Meditation Has Been Missing ~ Jay Michaelson

• Here's a good overview of the jhanas from the perspective of multiple teachers: The Jhanas ~ Richard Bukowski

• "Nimitta, nimitta, who's got a nimitta?" Ever wonder why the suttas don't mention "nimitta" but that "nimitta" is so important in the Visuddhimagga? Definitely read The Mystery of the Breath Nimitta ~ Bhikkhu Sona.

• And for an explanation of what's going on in the brain when a nimitta appears, see Near-Death Experiences: In or out of the body? - scroll down to "The Physiology of the Tunnel" for the details ~ Susan Blackmore (author of The Meme Machine and a number of other very interesting books)

• Joy and Jhanas - A retreat with Leigh Brasington by Susan Blackmore is a retreat report by a student at a retreat I taught at Gaia House in England in 2013. Another version of this account of the relationship between Jhana practice and Joy is From Jhanas to Joy which is at the Psychology Today website where you can join the discussion in the comments.

• Reinterpreting the Jhānas by Roderick S. Bucknell is an excellent discussion of the difference between the Sutta Style Jhānas and the later Visuddhimagga Style Jhānas.

• A Brief History of Buddhist Absorption by Bhikkhu Anālayo is a very interesting paper on the history of the jhānas in Buddhism, and well worth reading. [He still does not explicate my position on the "sutta jhānas" entirely accurately - to get a more accurate picture of my understanding, read my essay Jhānas at the Forest Refuge Part I (above) which describes my personal experience of jhānas much deeper than my usual experience, yet far different from the "Visuddhimagga jhānas."]

• Two articles by Biswadeb Mukherjee on the pre-Buddhist history of the jhanas discuss A Pre-Buddhist meditation system and Early Modificatios by Gotama the Bodhisattva.

• The Winter 2004 issue of Tricycle magazine has a special section on Jhānas.

• Lloyd Burton has written a paper entitled The Jhānas and the Brahma Viharas which discusses Brahma Vihara practice in relation to the Jhānas.

• The first Western conference on Jhāna practice in Theravada Buddhism was held near Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, in June, 2001. See Lloyd Burton's report Gathering Fruit and Planting Seeds for the details.

• Resources on Jhānas in medieval Christianity: Christian Mystics and Jhānas

• A paper from the journal Neural Plasticity on neurological findings about Jhānas: Case Study of Ecstatic Meditation: fMRI and EEG Evidence of Self-Stimulating a Reward System (PDF version here) which includes an interesting picture of Leigh Brasington's brain on Jhāna. The picture is a "difference" picture - the difference is between my brain in a state of "rest" and my brain in 2nd Jhāna. The blue areas got quieter; the red areas got more active.

  An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2008 Mind and Life Conference: EEG Power and Coherence Analysis of an Expert Meditator in the Eight Jhanas (MS-Word file).

• Brain Basis of Samadhi: The Neuroscience of Meditative Absorption

• And finally, I've compiled a one page Lists of Things To Do that are helpful for entering the Jhānas ~ Leigh Brasington

Tho not specifically about the Jhānas, this article from Newsweek on meditation is interesting as well.

New Scientist reports that self-awareness is switched off when the brain needs to concentrate hard.

Time magazine has an interesting article on consciousness (and not-self): The Brain: The Mystery of Consciousness

Dhyana in Buddhism - from Wikipedia has a good write up, tho I disagree with some of the statements there.
Jhana: The Spice Your Meditation Has Been Missing

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Leigh Brasington / / Revised 10 Apr 24